41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces1 between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules2 control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly3. 但，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获得生理特质的必要匹配，需要某种常识，即哪种分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一范围，大家尚没有进行充分的探索。
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable4 number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments5 are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena6. 伊斯兰法是一种这样不同于所有其它法律形式的现象--毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数目的且不可防止的巧合相似之处--以致于对它进行研究便看上去必不可少，以便充分理解大概存在的法律现象的全部范围。
43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament7 is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 尽管从历史角度来看，在古时候以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古时候犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。
44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical8 breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components9 of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. 其次，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种凌乱不堪、绝无一同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这类法律内容事实上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分与由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律原因所构成。 事实上是一句插入语。
45. One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes10 of plants discrete11 genes13 that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence， the intensified15 research on legumes. 这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并不是是该植物自然架构一个部分的那些不有关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入如此一些基因，假如这类基因可被辨识出来并被离别开来，而这类基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些拥有固氮用途的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。
46. It is one of nature's great ironies16 that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量总是对植物的成长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。
47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis17 with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene12 complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 除非他们能获得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在非常大程度上损失殆尽，即便豆科植物中使这类植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和离别开来的话，且即便这类基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。
48. Its subjectis life-as-spectacle， for readers, perted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic18 Iliad，however，presents life-as-experience：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是生活作为外部景象，由于读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主如果从外部来察看其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是生活作为内心体验：读者被需要与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却导致他变作一个并不是特别惹人喜欢的主人公。 （从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思）注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries19 evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity20 one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. 在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的很多不对称（asymmetry）特点中，最为吸人注目的是双眼的摆位：在成年之前，一只双眼发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只双眼均坐落于头部的同一侧面。
50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation21 of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 一个对于H的关于为什么法律上的奴隶制没在17世纪60年代以前出现是什么原因所作讲解的批评显示，关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处置的讲解应当被扩展。
51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle22 thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic23 rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes24 arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge25 system， whose source，most geologists26 contend，is the upper mantle. 对于地幔分层论点来讲，最好的证据乃如此一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿--这类岛屿据信是来自于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）--上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不一样的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大部分地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity27 is created by fluids rich in incompatible28 elements （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries29 of the fluids' pathways. 但，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的察看为依据，指出地幔并不是是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含不相容成分的流质构成的，这类成分趋向于流体而非固体的状况，自下而上渗透扩散，并根据这类流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration30 of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional31 developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily32 developing novel. F觉得，P在1908年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判S-B的 伟大作品的真的本质的视若无睹的长篇的证明而舍弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。
54. The very richness and complexity33 of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 各种有意义的联系在所有些层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列；正是这类有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，导致普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. 但大家当中的那些期望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年信件的全集可以愈加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 目前大家需要也根据大家墨西哥裔的美国人的历程来审视这个文化，大家的历程是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在最后沦落成为一个被征服的民族--在大家我们的土地上的契约的少数民族。
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's （cDNA's）that can serve as molecular34 probes to seek out the messenger RNA's of the peptide hormones35. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make re百度竞价推广ble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA's should still bind36 to these mRNA's，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones. 科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA's（cDNA's），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA's（mRNA's）。假如大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这类信使RNA's.假若细胞所制造的商品像肽激素但并不是与这类肽激素全然相同，那样，互补cDNA's应仍然和这类信使mDNA's粘结的程度。含有这类mRNA's的脑细胞然后就能被离别开来，研究者可对其信使RNA's进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质商品到底是什么，并确定这类蛋白质商品在何种程度上像真的的肽激素。
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate14 peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 使用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学办法同时也应该比免疫学的办法速度来得快，由于对于免疫的办法来讲，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素离别了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch37 have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 然而，研究P年代的研究者进步除去各种各样的多少有的奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示假如由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会怎么样安排冰川纪。
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains38 found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. 这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主如果一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接有关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为常见的现代办法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这类间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。
